Report of the GIA Institute on the low temperature heat treatment of Mozambique rubies
Since 2009, Mozambique has become a major producer of global commercial and gem quality rubies. Although many of the gems produced in the country use “traditional†high-temperature heating (1300oC or 2372oF), there have been rumors circulating in the gem trade industry that many rubies may be processed at lower temperatures in Sri Lanka. With regard to red to pink corundum, low temperature processing is intended to remove any blue component of the gemstone and enhance the resulting color. Drawing on the rich experience of tradition and modernity, many Sri Lankan “burners†have been better at low-temperature heat treatment of rubies from Mozambique. Over the past 30 years, Sri Lankan firemakers have improved locally made furnaces, including Lakmini, and have accumulated extensive heat treatment expertise. The country's top practitioners are now competing with practitioners in Thailand, especially those concerned with the low temperature heating of corundum. In early 2015, due to industry concerns, GIA researchers conducted two experimental low-temperature heat treatments on Mozambique rubies, one in cooperation with the firing workers in Sri Lanka and the other in Bangkok. For the latter, the temperature reached is in the range of approximately 550o to 750oC (1022o to 1382oF). The researchers confirmed that the treatment resulted in a significant reduction in blue components in many samples. The purpose of these experiments was to determine if low temperature heating would produce any detectable change in the inclusion, infrared spectrum or chemical composition of the treated gemstone. The results are shown in the study entitled "Low-Temperature' Heat Treatment of Mozambique Ruby-Results Report". Using high-magnification and fiber-optic illumination, GIA researchers can show that many, if not all, inclusions are affected by low-temperature heating. In many cases, fractures occur around the crystal and larger crystals are most affected. Mica, feldspar and chalcopyrite inclusions show the greatest change, with amphibole crystals showing the smallest changes. After heating at low temperatures, the fracture of the limonite or iron dyed lining will also become darker. The peak caused by this treatment (the peak detected by the Fourier transform infrared spectrum at 3309 and 3161 cm-1) did not change much, but a change was observed. Trace element analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) showed no significant change after treatment. This study confirms that the gemological laboratory has the ability to detect whether rubies from Mozambique have been treated at low temperatures, especially by carefully observing the inclusions and certain peaks of the infrared spectrum.
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