Status of natural rubber production in Indonesia

Indonesia is the world's second largest producer of natural rubber after Thailand and is the world's largest producer of natural rubber. Therefore, regardless of current production and future development, Indonesia as a supplier of natural rubber plays a decisive role and position in the world rubber market, fully familiar with and understand Indonesian natural rubber production characteristics and related information, to grasp the world The change in the rubber market is of great significance.

I. Basic overview of Indonesia

1. Physical Geography

The Republic of Indonesia is located in the southeastern part of Asia. It spans the north and south of the equator. It is composed of 17,508 islands and archipelagos between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is known as the “land of thousands of islands” and is the country with the largest land area in Southeast Asia. It is Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Java.

2 , climate characteristics

Indonesia is located on both sides of the equator and belongs to a tropical maritime climate. It is hot and humid all year round. The average temperature is around 25oC. The monthly temperature difference is small. The rainfall in Indonesia is very abundant. The hot and rainy weather conditions are very conducive to plant growth. It is the most important in the world. One of the countries that are suitable for growing natural rubber.

3. Population culture

With a population of 210 million, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. It is the most populous country in Southeast Asia. There are more than 100 ethnic groups. The clawed hang is the most populous nation. In the common Indonesian language, about 88% of the residents believe in Islam. The country with the largest Muslim population in the world.

4 , the basic economy

Indonesia has abundant resources and resources. Rubber, coconut and palm oil are the main export resources and the economic source of Indonesian farmers. The forest area is 145 million hectares, accounting for 74% of the country's land area. The per capita forest area is nearly 1 hectare. Natural rubber planting area ranks first in the world, and its output and export volume ranks second in the world. Coconut production ranks second in the world, with palm oil production accounting for two-fifths of world demand.

Second, the status quo of Indonesian natural rubber

1. Total area planted:

Indonesia began to grow natural rubber in 1902. It is currently the world's largest area for natural rubber planting. In 2006, the total planting area reached 3.309 million hectares.

Schedule (Figure 1, global natural rubber planting area

Global natural rubber planting area: millions of hectares

Country area country area

Indonesia 3.309 Cole Diffus 0.096

Thailand 1.980 Philippines 0.092

Malaysia 1.431 Cambodia 0.052

China 0.618 Guatemala 0.045

India 0.563 Cameroon 0.042

Vietnam 0.418 Congo 0.035

Brazil 0.18 Mexico 0.021

Sri Lanka Ba 0.158 Bua New Guinea 0.018

Nigeria 0.15 Ghana 0.017

Liberia 0.109 Gabon 0.013

Myanmar 0.106 Guinea 0.006

Total amount: 9.459

2. Classification of rubber garden owners and their respective proportions

There are three main types of companies in Indonesia that are responsible for planting. The first is small farmers, the second is state-owned holding companies, and the third is private companies. The third type of private enterprise includes domestic investment and foreign investment companies. In the late 1990s, due to the high profit of palm oil, many rubber plantations and small farms were replanted with palm trees, which led to a decline in natural rubber planting area. Since 2002, when rubber prices rebounded, many of them were forced by life. Farmers who have replanted other crops have come back to replanting rubber and rehabilitating the original old rubber plantation, and have also attracted many large and small farmers to expand the rubber planting area. By 2006, the proportion of various types of rubber gardens in Indonesia was: small farmers: 84.5%; state-owned rubber gardens: 7.2%; private rubber gardens: 8.3%.

Schedule (Figure 2): Area of ​​Indonesian rubber garden owner in 2001-2006 (thousand hectares)

3 , natural rubber planting area distribution

Indonesia's natural rubber planting areas are mainly distributed in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The whole Sumatra accounts for 75% of the total area, and Kalimantan accounts for 20%. It is mainly distributed in Sumatra, which is dominated by Medan-centered North Sumatra. 30% of South Sumatra, which is centered on the port of Hong Kong, accounts for 35%. Kalimantan is mainly distributed in Kundian and Bangkaban. In addition, Padang and Liao provinces in West Susanna are also the main producing areas. If the equator is bounded, the area south of the equator accounts for 60% of the total area.

Third, the production of natural rubber in Indonesia

1 , the total amount and the proportion of the output of each rubber garden owner

Indonesia's natural rubber planting area is the world's number one, but its output ranks second in the world, mainly because of the low productivity of Indonesian natural rubber. As the price of natural rubber declines, the small rubber planter is forced to leave the rubber plantation and find a living, resulting in Small rubber gardens are neglected in management and even face disposal. However, in recent years, as the price of natural rubber has increased year by year, the rubber farmers' enthusiasm for rubber production has been greatly improved, and they have returned to the rubber plant to focus on rubber production, so the output is growing rapidly. Although the yield of Indonesian yield is still relatively low, the average annual growth rate of natural rubber production has increased from 2.8% in 1991-2000 to 8.7% in 2000-2006, and even the growth rate in 2006 reached 11.6%. Indonesia's rubber production as a percentage of world production increased from 22.1% in 2001 to 27.8% in 2006

The largest natural rubber producer in Indonesia is the small farmer, which accounts for 80.2% of the total output; the state-owned rubber plantation accounts for 9.5%; the private rubber plantation accounts for 10.3%.

Schedule (Figure) 3: Proportion of Indonesian rubber garden owners

Schedule (figure) 4: Production of the world's major rubber producing countries from 2001 to 2006

2. Indonesian natural rubber yield and distribution and proportion of production in various regions

Although the natural rubber planting area in Indonesia is the highest in the world, the yield per unit is low, with an average of 1 ton/ha. The production of Indonesian rubber is mainly distributed in North Sumantra, South Sumatra, West Sumantra, West Kalimantan and other regions. The specific output and ratio are as follows:

Schedule (figure) 5: Indonesian rubber production area, output (10,000 tons) and proportion

Fourth, the production rules and characteristics of Indonesian natural rubber

1. Seasonal distribution, high yield period and defoliation period of natural rubber production

Indonesia's rubber-producing regions span the northern and southern hemispheres. Therefore, the different climatic characteristics of the northern and southern hemispheres determine that Indonesia's rubber production laws also have different characteristics from north to south. The rainy and deciduous and high-yield distribution characteristics of the rubber production areas in the north and south of the equator are as follows: The northern part of the equator is a high-yield period from December to February, the rainy season from August to November, and the deciduous period from March to May. The southern part of the equator: the high-yield period from April to July, the 8-10 defoliation period, and the rainy season from December to February. According to the changing laws of Indonesian rubber produced by the different climates in the north and the south, the peak period appears in June-August and January.

Schedule (figure) 6: Seasonal distribution of deciduous, high-yield and rainy seasons in the northern and southern equatorial regions of Indonesia

Deciduous period high-yield rainy season

2. Climate characteristics affecting production

Because Indonesia is hot and rainy all year round, the climate that affects Indonesia's rubber production is mainly characterized by rain and drought in the north, while the south is relatively stable, especially in the north, which will seriously affect rubber production.

3, rubber and processing characteristics

Indonesian rubber rubber is mainly SIR20, which produces 80% of the total output. Most small rubber garden owners use cup gels as raw materials for the production of SIR20. These clots are naturally solidified from latex, often contain impurities, and contain a large amount. The moisture is not easy to lose weight when stored. Therefore, the rubber farmer mainly sells the net glue content based on the weight of the clot. The net glue content of the general clot is 55%.

Indonesia still uses traditional processing technology. The processing of SIR is different from other countries. The main difference is that the raw material has to undergo a natural drying process for 10-14 days. The production process is as follows: raw material----------- - cleaning picking impurities - crushed tablets - natural air drying - granulation - baking - packaging -

Every factory in Indonesia pays great attention to quality control. Each factory has its own testing system. The sampling method: each box has a test sample. Each 9 pieces take one piece and cut two corners, that is, one sample has 8 samples. Samples are retained for 90 days after testing.

V. Consumption and export of natural rubber in Indonesia

1. Indonesian natural rubber sales characteristics

At present, Indonesia's rubber is mainly through Singapore's re-export trade, and some factories directly trade with the world of tire companies in Europe, America, Japan and South Korea. The scale of the factory is about 80%. Most Indonesian exporters sell in FOB mode. Indonesian rubber exports to China, most of which are through Singapore's entrepot trade. It takes 21 days to ship from Padang to China's main port and 14 days to ship from Palembang.

2 , the export of rubber and the proportion of their own use

Indonesia's domestic rubber industry has not yet developed. Except for GT and Bridgestone and domestic tire companies to establish factories in their own countries, Indonesia's domestic natural rubber consumption ratio is very low, accounting for about 14% of the total output, and the rest is for export. There are three major varieties of rubber exported: concentrated latex, tobacco, and standard rubber, of which SIR20 is the main export variety. The export volume of latex is declining every year, and some domestic glove manufacturers need to import latex from abroad. According to the data, in 1991, the export of latex was 59,300 tons, and by 2006, only 8334 tons were exported. The difference is that the export volume of tobacco after 2001 increased year by year. In 2001, 32,676 tons, accounting for 2% of total exports. By 2006, the export of tobacco sheets was 325,393 tons, accounting for 14% of total exports. Total exports in 2006 accounted for 86% of total production.

Schedule (Figure) Number and proportion of various rubber varieties exported from Indonesia

Schedule (Figure): Indonesia's natural rubber exports in 2001-2006 (thousand tons)

3. Distribution area and quantity and proportion of exports

Indonesian rubber export destination countries mainly have five countries: the United States, China, Japan, South Korea and Singapore. In 2006, China imported 342,221 tons from Indonesia, an increase of 30% over last year, and became the third largest exporter of Indonesian rubber. Indonesia’s exports to China have grown steadily, with an average growth rate of 35.5%. From 2000 to 2006, the average growth rate was as high as 83.7%. In 15 years, exports to China have increased 37 times from the 6,682 tons in 1990. It reached 337,200 tons.

Schedule (figure): Number of Indonesian rubber exports to China from 1990 to 2006 :

Schedule (Figure): Indonesian natural rubber exporting countries and the proportion of the number in 2006 :

6. Indonesian natural rubber planting plan

In order to accelerate employment, income, comparative advantage and economic benefits, Indonesia has formulated a national development plan at the end of 2005. The Ministry of Agriculture has formulated a state-owned crop development plan in mid-2006, the main goal of which is to accelerate the cultivation of small farmers. Including new planting, refurbishment and restoration of production, which increased the production of small farmer rubber, mainly to meet the demand for natural rubber in the international market, the government has adopted a clear refurbishment policy, under this policy, there are 250,000 The hectares of small farms will be refurbished, and there will be new small farms scattered in 14 provinces of 50,000 hectares. The wild donkey will be refurbished within 5 years after 2006, and the National Bank will provide credit services for the necessary investment. The original five-year renovation and new planting plan for small farmers was also changed to a four-year plan due to budgetary issues. The plan is set out in the table below (Figure) Indonesia's future development of natural rubber:

After completing this task, the government will set up a new policy in accordance with the established schedule to renovate small farms with about 2% of low production. In Kalimantan, it will be the main area for increasing the value of planting in Indonesia. Since the development space and potential of the planting area is larger than that of Thailand, Indonesia will soon be able to replace Thailand and become the world's first rubber producing country.